In the wild, the struggle for survival is unrelenting. 在野外，生存的斗争是无情的.
But some animals have strange powers 但是有些动物有奇怪的能力
evolutionary gifts that help them conquer foes, 帮助他们战胜敌人的进化天赋，
win mates, and stay alive. 赢得伙伴，保持活力.
Buried in the sandy bays and mud lagoons between the islands of 埋在沙湾和泥泻湖之间的岛屿
Indonesia, a tiny pair of eyes peak out, watching and waiting. 印尼，一双小小的眼睛尖出，注视着，等待着.
This is a coconut octopus. 这是一只椰子章鱼.
It's no bigger than an index finger, and yet it has powers 它不比食指大，但它有力量
that some of us might find a bit unsettling. 我们中的一些人可能会觉得有点不安.
An octopus's power of sight is legendary, with monocular vision 章鱼的视力是传说中的，只有一只眼的视力
that allows it to use each eye independently. 这使得它可以独立使用每只眼睛.
It has venom to help keep predators at bay. 它有毒液帮助捕食者远离.
Let's not forget an octopus's breathtaking ability 别忘了章鱼惊人的能力
to change color, patterns and shape. 改变颜色，图案和形状.
Beautiful to watch and also a handy disguise. 漂亮的手表和一个方便的伪装.
This multilimbed crawler has another exceptional skill. 这种多肢爬行器有另一个特殊的技能.
It's what gives the coconut octopus its name. 这就是椰子章鱼的名字.
The coconut octopus uses empty coconut shells 椰子章鱼用空椰子壳
NAME? 名字？
It constructs a shelter. 它建造了一个庇护所.
The coconut octopus is the only invertebrate known to collect 椰子章鱼是已知的唯一一种无脊椎动物
and hang on to objects, like building materials, 抓住建筑材料之类的东西，
for future or potential use. 用于将来或潜在的用途.
Indeed, there's a method to this madness. 确实，有一种方法可以解决这种疯狂.
The size of this octopus makes it an easy meal 这只章鱼的大小使它成为一顿便餐
for sharks, dolphins and seals; 鲨鱼、海豚和海豹；
it's venom can't dissuade such big predators. 毒液不能阻止这么大的捕食者.
So for this little guy, building an elaborate fort 所以对这个小家伙来说，建造一个精致的堡垒
out of castoffs can mean the difference 被抛弃意味着不同
between life and death. 在生与死之间.
Researchers believe this ability to use the shells 研究人员相信这种利用贝壳的能力
is an indication of the coconut octopus' high IQ. 是椰子章鱼高智商的标志.
And the cunning octopus knows that four walls 狡猾的章鱼知道四面墙
work better than three. 干得比三个好.
This is possibly even a type of tool use; 这甚至可能是一种工具使用；
a sure sign of an animal's cognitive powers. 动物认知能力的可靠标志.
Intelligence like this is usually found 像这样的智力通常是被发现的
in longlived animals, 在长寿动物身上，
but these octopus live only 12 months at most. 但这些章鱼最多只能活12个月.
Why they have such highly evolved intelligence 为什么他们有如此高度进化的智力
is still a mystery. 仍然是个谜.
And while this intelligence may be a notch lower 虽然这个智商可能要低一点
than human smarts, it's not the only thing we have in common. 这并不是我们唯一的共同点.
Coconut octopus are one of only two known octopuses 椰子章鱼是已知的仅有的两种章鱼之一
to use bipedal locomotion. 使用双踏板运动.
That's another way of saying this little guy can walk! 另一种说法是这个小家伙能走路！
So for those times when the fort isn't enough protection, 所以在堡垒没有足够保护的时候，
the coconut octopus makes a run for it, shells and all. 椰子章鱼为它奔跑，贝壳和一切.
It rears up on its stiltlike arms, 它像高跷一样举起手臂，
and bolts like a drunken sailor across the sea floor. 像一个喝醉的水手穿过海底.
But wait a minute. 但是等一下.
How is this little octopus able to walk at all? 这只小章鱼怎么会走路？
It's because it has suckercovered arms 是因为它的手臂被吸盘覆盖
that can think. 可以想象.
Believe it or not, each arm acts like a mini brain; 信不信由你，每只手臂都像一个迷你大脑；
packed inside each limb are millions of neurons 每个肢体内都有数百万个神经元
similar to the ones found in human brains. 类似于在人脑中发现的.
So when this coconut octopus decides to grab its shells 所以当这只椰子章鱼决定抓壳的时候
and go, it sends its arms a message: move it out, fellas. 走吧，它向它的手臂发出一个信息：把它挪开，伙计们.
But the arms themselves figure out 但手臂本身
how they should carry out the request. 他们应该如何执行请求.
They've literally got a mind of their own. 他们确实有自己的想法.
Grooved suction cups on the underside of its arms 手臂下面有凹槽的吸盘
glom onto the clam shell, 在蛤壳上幸灾乐祸，
while chemical sensors inside the cups 而杯子里的化学传感器
prevent its arms from getting tangled or stuck to each other. 防止它的手臂缠在一起或粘在一起.
Now that's smart. 现在这很聪明了.
Aside from grabbing a morsel of food or finding a mate, 除了抓点食物或找个伴侣，
there's not much reason for this little shapeshifter 这个小变形器没什么理由
to leave its adopted shelter. 离开被收养的庇护所.
And at the end of the day, the little coconut octopus 最后，小椰子章鱼
is smart enough to know there's no place like home. 聪明到知道家是最棒的地方.
Deep in the mists of time, long before humans walked, 在时间的迷雾中，远在人类行走之前，
a peculiar creature waddled into the picture. 一个奇特的生物摇摇晃晃地走进了画里.
An animal like nothing you've ever seen. 一种你从未见过的动物.
Though it vaguely resembles something you have. 虽然它有点像你的东西.
A porcupine perhaps? 也许是豪猪？
An anteater, a hedgehog. 食蚁兽，刺猬.
It's a shortbeaked echidna. 是一个短喙针鼹.
Those who discovered this creature named it the after a 那些发现这种生物的人以
monster in Greek myth: one that was half woman, half snake. 希腊神话中的怪物：半女人半蛇.
Though the resemblance to either is a stretch. 尽管两者的相似之处是一个延伸.
It has a head and a beak that approximate a bird's. 它有一个头和一个喙，和鸟差不多.
It also eats worms and insects. 它也吃蠕虫和昆虫.
And, it lays eggs. 而且，它产卵.
But it's clearly not a bird. 但它显然不是鸟.
It's a mammal. 是哺乳动物.
A rather primitive, and entirely unusual, one. 一个相当原始的，完全不寻常的.
It lives in Australia and New Guinea. 它生活在澳大利亚和新几内亚.
Echidnas' young hatch from eggs 针鼹幼卵孵化
and then live in pouches on their mother's bellies. 然后住在母亲肚子上的袋子里.
They have no nipples. 他们没有乳头.
So the babies known as puggles 所以这些婴儿被称为哈巴狗
suck milk from pores in two milk patches. 从毛孔中分两块吸奶.
Yes, they are Australian mammals with pouches; 是的，它们是有眼袋的澳大利亚哺乳动物；
no, they're not marsupials. 不，它们不是有袋动物.
Their closest relative is the duckbilled platypus 他们的近亲是鸭嘴兽
the only other egglaying mammal in the world. 世界上唯一的产卵哺乳动物.
Unlike platypus, which only live in freshwater systems 不像鸭嘴兽，它只生活在淡水系统中
in Australia, the echidna has conquered 在澳大利亚，针鼹已经征服了
every part of the country. 全国各地.
Even its cities. 甚至是它的城市.
They follow the food. 他们跟踪食物.
And their food, in the form of ants and termites, 它们的食物，蚂蚁和白蚁，
is everywhere. 无处不在.
Their long tongues can forage pretty much anywhere 它们长长的舌头几乎可以在任何地方觅食
they discover a nest. 他们发现了一个巢穴.
But, for all its oddities, there's one thing 但是，尽管很奇怪，有一件事
that makes this curious animal really stand out. 这让这只好奇的动物非常突出.
The male has a 4headed penis. 男性有一个四头阴茎.
A rarity indeed. 确实很罕见.
You'd be right to ask: how? 你问得对：怎么做？
And why? 为什么呢？
It seems echidnas use only two heads at a time 似乎针鼹一次只用两个头
to fit into the female's two reproductive canals. 以适应雌性的两条生殖道.
The next time they mate, they use the other two heads. 下次交配时，他们用另外两个头.
Researchers think this technique helps their sperm 研究人员认为这种技术可以帮助他们的精子
stay strong and competitive. 保持强大和竞争力.
It has clearly worked for these guys. 很明显这对这些人有效.
These waddling pin cushions have survived for 15 million years. 这些摇摇晃晃的针垫已经保存了1500万年.
And they live long lives 他们长寿
up to 50 years in captivity and slightly less in the wild. 被囚禁长达50年，在野外则稍少.
That might be because they have a very slow metabolism 那可能是因为它们的新陈代谢很慢
their little bodies don't need much energy. 他们的小身体不需要太多能量.
And they have the lowest body temperature of any mammal. 它们的体温是哺乳动物中最低的.
We humans operate at about 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit. 我们人类的工作温度是华氏98.6度.
On any given day, these guys are at a chilly 89 degrees. 在任何一天，这些家伙都在89度的寒冷中.
This cool little mammal has a few tricks 这个很酷的小哺乳动物有一些小把戏
to avoid getting eaten. 以免被吃掉.
Its most obvious defense is its quills. 它最明显的防御是它的羽毛.
It can roll up into a prickly, unappetizing ball, 它会卷成一个带刺的，令人讨厌的球，
shielding its head. 保护它的头.
Although, that's a last resort. 不过，那是最后的办法.
The first resort is camouflage. 第一个选择是伪装.
The echidna can blend in. 针鼹可以融入其中.
But if that's not enough, it can actually become 但如果这还不够的话
one with the earth, digging and burrowing in for protection. 一种是用泥土挖坑保护.
In a pinch, these landloving animals can even swim to safety. 在紧要关头，这些热爱陆地的动物甚至可以游到安全的地方.
It's a throwback to their aquatic ancestor, 这是他们水生祖先的回归，
which more closely resembled a platypus. 更像鸭嘴兽.
Like their presentday aquatic cousins, 就像他们现在的水生表亲一样，
echidna can pick up electric signals in their environment, 针鼹可以在环境中接收电信号，
particularly if the ground's moist. 尤其是地面潮湿的时候.
Their snouts can nose out termites and ants 它们的鼻子能嗅出白蚁和蚂蚁
by electric pulse. 通过电脉冲.
They're thought to be one of the few landliving mammals 它们被认为是为数不多的陆生哺乳动物之一
to have this ability. 拥有这种能力.
Echidnas have unusually big brains. 针鼹有异常大的大脑.
And the biggest part of their brain is the neocortex. 他们大脑的最大部分是新皮质.
That's what we use for higher level thinking. 这就是我们用来进行更高层次思考的东西.
In humans, it's three quarters of our brain. 在人类中，它占我们大脑的四分之三.
In echidnas, it's an impressive half. 在针鼹，这是令人印象深刻的一半.
A big part of their neocortex is devoted to their snout. 他们的新皮质很大一部分是专门用于他们的鼻子.
And something else is going on in their brains 他们脑子里还有别的事情
while they're asleep. 当他们睡着的时候.
Scientists know the echidna experience rapid eye movement 科学家知道针鼹的眼球运动很快
REM sleep, which is a surprise in such primitive mammals. 快速眼动睡眠，这在这种原始哺乳动物身上是个惊喜.
In humans, REM sleep is connected with dreams. 在人类中，快速眼动睡眠与梦有关.
Like so many things about this mammal, 就像关于这种哺乳动物的很多事情一样，
the things they might dream about 他们可能梦到的事情
would no doubt be just as odd as they are. 毫无疑问会和他们一样奇怪.
Arachnids. 蛛形纲动物.
So terrifying, they have a phobia named after them. 太可怕了，他们有一种以他们命名的恐惧症.
You've heard of spiders and scorpions 你听说过蜘蛛和蝎子
they're both household names 他们都是家喻户晓的名字
in this class of eightlegged arthropods. 在这类八条腿的节肢动物中.
But you may not have heard of their lesser known cousin. 但你可能没听说过他们鲜为人知的堂兄.
This is Mastigoproctus Giganteus. 我是大白鲨.
It's part of a small family 这是一个小家庭的一部分
only 100 known species are in it. 其中只有100种已知物种.
Compare that with the over 40,000 species 与超过40000个物种相比
of spiders and true scorpions. 蜘蛛和真正的蝎子.
They're rare, but if you see one, 它们很罕见，但如果你看到的话，
you're not likely to forget it. 你不会忘记的.
With its eight eyes, menacing claws, and whiplike tail, 它有八只眼睛，凶狠的爪子，像鞭子一样的尾巴，
it looks more mythological beast than bug. 它看起来更像神话中的野兽而不是虫子.
Some call it a whipscorpion. 有人称之为鞭蝎.
But it's not a scorpion at all. 但它根本不是蝎子.
It's not a spider either. 它也不是蜘蛛.
It has a common name, and it's as bizarre 它有一个共同的名字，而且很奇怪
as the nightmarish thing itself: the vinegaroon. 就像噩梦一样：藤条船.
It has no stinger to paralyze its prey. 它没有刺来麻痹猎物.
No venomous bite to send unlucky hikers to the hospital. 没有毒咬把倒霉的徒步旅行者送到医院.
But underestimating this fiendish beast 但是低估了这个恶魔
would be a mistake. 会是个错误.
At first glance, 乍一看，
the long whiplike tail looks threatening. 长鞭状的尾巴看起来很吓人.
In reality, it's nothing more than an extra feeler. 实际上，这不过是一个额外的触角.
But at it's base is one of the most outlandish 但在它的基地是最奇怪的
defense mechanisms in the animal kingdom. 动物界的防御机制.
If threatened by a predator, 如果受到捕食者的威胁，
the vinegaroon sprays it with, what else, vinegar. 葡萄藤店喷了醋，还有什么.
This substance is made of highly concentrated acetic acid. 这种物质是由高浓度的醋酸制成的.
To humans, it smells like household vinegar. 对人类来说，它闻起来像家用醋.
But to small hungry mammals, 但是对于饥饿的小哺乳动物来说，
it's pungent and dangerous stuff. 这是刺激和危险的东西.
The vinegaroon can actually aim its sour stream 事实上，这种藤壶可以瞄准它的酸流
with surprising precision. 非常精确.
It can fire about one foot in any direction. 它可以向任何方向发射大约一英尺.
That's at least 4 times the average length of its body. 这至少是它身体平均长度的4倍.
It's like a grown man with a 24foot spit range. 就像一个有24英尺吐痰范围的成年人.
And if a predator gets it in the eye, it will almost certainly 如果捕食者看到它，它几乎肯定会
start looking for an easier meal. 开始找一顿容易点的饭.
That is, once the wicked sting wears off. 也就是说，一旦邪恶的刺痛消失.
Fending off predators is one part of the equation. 抵御捕食者是方程式的一部分.
Being an adept hunter is another. 作为一个熟练的猎人是另一回事.
Vinegaroons have two eyes on the front of their head, 藤壶头上有两只眼睛，
and three on each side. 两边各三个.
But in a cruel twist of evolutionary irony, 但在进化讽刺的残酷转折中，
these night hunters have terrible eyesight. 这些夜猎者视力很差.
Despite this shortcoming, they're formidable hunters 尽管有这个缺点，他们还是令人敬畏的猎手
under the cloak of darkness. 在黑暗的外衣下.
Their two front legs are long, deft feelers, 他们的两条前腿又长又灵敏，
used to locate their prey. 用来定位猎物.
And then their powerful claws take over. 然后他们强大的爪子接管了一切.
They pinch and cut, squeeze and crush, 他们又捏又切，又挤又挤，
until the victim bursts open. 直到受害者突然打开.
The vinegaroon then feeds on the soft flesh inside. 然后，这个藤壶以里面柔软的果肉为食.
But the vinegaroons aren't just hunters. 但藤壶不仅仅是猎人.
They're fighters. 他们是战士.
They compete with each other for food, 他们互相竞争食物，
and even wrestle before mating. 甚至在交配前摔跤.
It's the best way for males and females to judge 这是男人和女人判断的最好方法
if a potential mate has the mettle to be a good breeder. 如果一个潜在的配偶有勇气成为一个好的繁殖者.
The vinegaroon may not have the notoriety of some of its 这个藤壶可能没有它的一些臭名昭著
venomous cousins, but this littleknown and 毒辣的表亲，但这个鲜为人知的
underappreciated arachnid has survived for millions of years, 被低估的蛛形纲动物存活了数百万年，
and can clearly fend for itself. 而且很明显可以自食其力.
You are about to embark on a journey into a peculiar world. 你即将踏上一段通往一个奇特世界的旅程.
One where creatures shimmer like dappled sun 生物像斑驳的太阳一样闪烁的地方
and guard glistening orbs underwater. 在水下守护闪闪发光的球体.
It's a world of deception, and your eyes may trick you. 这是一个欺骗的世界，你的眼睛可能会欺骗你.
This is the watery home of the delicate 这是娇嫩的家
but determined sunburst diving beetle. 但决心要跳伞甲虫.
They're petite an inch long at most. 它们很小，最多只有一英寸长.
Their legs move in sync, like the oars of a row boat, 它们的腿同步移动，就像划船的桨一样，
making them refined swimmers. 使他们成为优雅的游泳运动员.
But don't be lured by their beauty. 但不要被他们的美丽所诱惑.
Those pretty yellow specks are nature's way 那些漂亮的黄色斑点是自然的
of warning predators to stay away. 警告捕食者远离.
An awfultasting surprise awaits if they don't. 如果他们不这么做的话，一个难吃的惊喜就等着他们了.
These creatures lurk below the surface of warm ponds 这些生物潜伏在温暖的池塘下面
and streams in the American Southwest. 以及美国西南部的溪流.
The shimmering beads they guard may look like fragile crystal, 他们守护的闪闪发光的珠子看起来像易碎的水晶，
but they're many times more valuable to them. 但对他们来说，它们的价值要高出很多倍.
Air bubbles. 气泡.
Like scuba divers, the beetles need oxygen 像潜水员一样，甲虫也需要氧气
to survive underwater, so they carry it down with them. 为了在水下生存，他们把它带下去.
While at the surface, they trap air bubbles 而在表面，它们捕捉气泡
between their abdomen and wings. 在腹部和翅膀之间.
Then, as they dive down, they breathe the air in 然后，当他们潜下去时，他们吸入空气
through little holes on the sides of their body 穿过他们身体两侧的小洞
that are hidden beneath their wings. 它们隐藏在翅膀下.
As they dive deeper, the water compresses the oxygen creating 当它们潜得更深时，水会压缩产生的氧气
a single, glistening bubble that emerges out of their bottoms. 从底部冒出的一个闪闪发光的泡沫.
As they hang out underwater, 当他们在水下闲逛时，
they sip from the shimmering airsack. 他们从闪闪发光的气囊里啜饮.
The bubble can even draw oxygen from water around it 气泡甚至可以从周围的水中吸氧
to top up what the beetles consume. 补充甲虫的食物.
The beetles can stay submerged for several minutes at a time. 甲虫一次可以在水下停留几分钟.
Voila: portable, renewable oxygen tanks. Voila：便携式，可再生氧气罐.
If you think that's impressive, you should see what they see. 如果你觉得那令人印象深刻，你应该看看他们看到了什么.
The adults have six eyes. 成年人有六只眼睛.
Just like two heads are better than one, 就像两个头总比一个头好，
six eyes are better than two when hunting insects 捕猎昆虫时，六只眼比两只眼好
that make the mistake of dropping by. 那就错了.
These sunburst diving beetles aren't just built to kill. 这些阳光下的潜水甲虫不仅仅是用来杀人的.
They're built to make babies. 它们是用来生孩子的.
These little critters caught the attention of Charles Darwin. 这些小动物引起了查尔斯·达尔文的注意.
He wondered how mating was possible for diving beetles. 他想知道潜水甲虫如何交配.
Living underwater makes it difficult to hold on, 生活在水下很难坚持，
but this beetle is well equipped. 但这只甲虫装备精良.
The male has two large suction cups on his forelegs, 雄性前腿上有两个大吸盘，
so mates can't wriggle away. 所以伙伴们不能逃避.
All the better to grip you with, my dear. 最好能抓住你，亲爱的.
This is one of their babies. 这是他们的一个孩子.
The larvae are known as water tigers. 这些幼虫被称为水虎.
With good reason: they have ferocious appetites. 有充分的理由：它们有着凶猛的胃口.
These babes can breakfast on tadpoles, small fish, 这些宝贝可以吃蝌蚪，小鱼，
and other insects; even prey larger than themselves. 以及其他昆虫；甚至比自己更大的猎物.
Having six eyes isn't enough for these killer cutiepies. 只有六只眼睛还不够做这些可爱的杀手派.
They have twelve. 他们有十二个.
And with those eyes, they have vision 有了那双眼睛，他们就有了视力
unlike any other in the animal kingdom. 不像动物王国里的其他动物.
They're bifocal, which lets the little killers see 它们是双焦的，这让小杀手看到
both near and far at the same time. 既近又远.
Using their front legs to grab and pincers to bite, 用前腿抓，钳子咬，
they can latch onto their target. 他们可以锁定目标.
These little larvae then pump digestive fluids 然后这些小幼虫排出消化液
into their prey and suck out the remains. 把他们的猎物吸出来.
Charming. 很迷人.
Once fully grown, 一旦长大了，
sunburst beetles keep up their carnivorous ways. 阳光甲虫继续它们的食肉方式.
Bigger and badder, they won't hesitate to take down prey 更大更坏，他们会毫不犹豫地抓住猎物
larger than themselves like crickets, fish or even frogs. 比自己大，像蟋蟀、鱼甚至青蛙.
With such a strenuous routine of predation, seduction 以如此繁重的捕食、引诱程序
and survival, these bugs need frequent breaks. 为了生存，这些虫子需要经常休息.
So they hang out together on rocks beneath the surface. 所以它们一起挂在地表下的岩石上.
Looks innocent enough. 看起来很无辜.
But competition is fierce, even when they're relaxing. 但竞争是激烈的，即使是在放松的时候.
If one beetle sees a great resting spot that's taken, 如果一只甲虫看到一个巨大的休息点，
look out. 留神.
Popping bubbles forces competitors 泡沫破灭迫使竞争对手
to surface for more air. 浮出水面呼吸更多空气.
The underwater world is full of startling 水下世界充满了令人吃惊的东西
and sometimes unbelievable life forms. 有时是难以置信的生命形式.
The sunburst diving beetle, with its portable tank 阳光下的潜水甲虫，带着它的便携式坦克
and airpopping defenses, fits right in. 和空袭防御，正好配合.
Extraordinary appendages. 非凡的附属物.
Excellent aim. 很好的目标.
And exceptional brainpower. 以及超凡的智力.
Evolution has been kind to some animals. 进化对一些动物很友好.
Their strange powers give them advantages 他们奇异的力量给了他们优势
that help them survive the wild. 帮助他们在野外生存.